Patho Of Heart Disease

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic and progressive form of damage to the heart valves resulting in dysfunction of the heart. It is a complication of an autoimmune disorder called acute rheumatic fever (ARF), which is in turn precipitated by group A streptococcal infections of the throat. Streptococcus pyogenes. Autoimmunity and RHD. It may be caused by reduced blood flow to the heart (ischemic heart disease) resulting from damage after a heart attack, infections, toxins and certain drugs. It may also be inherited from a parent. It usually enlarges (dilates) the left ventricle. The most common etiologies are ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes,. Three quarters of all HF patients have preexisting hypertension, and this risk factor alone doubles the risk of developing HF compared to normotensive patients 8.

Heart disease risk rises for everyone as they age, but for women symptoms can become more evident after the onset of menopause.

  1. Pathophysiology of Rheumatic Heart Disease. When the heart muscles are affected by inflammation, the result is myocarditis. Pericarditis occurs when there is inflammation of the sac that surrounds the heart, and endocarditis happens when the inner layer of the heart is involved in the inflammatory process.
  2. Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome and heart failure Classification of acute coronary syndrome Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) refers to any condition attributed to obstruction of the coronary arteries which reduces blood flow to the heart, and includes unstable angina and myocardial infarction (MI).
  3. The distribution of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with ischemic heart disease is extensive, and involves at least two major coronary arteries. Thrombosis, occlusion by atheromatous debris and, infrequently, internal hemorrhage may produce final closure of the coronary artery.
  4. In Brief The pathophysiology of the link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is complex and multifactorial. Understanding these profound mechanisms of disease can help clinicians identify and treat CVD in patients with diabetes, as well as help patients prevent these potentially devastating complications.
Patho Of Heart Disease

Menopause does not cause cardiovascular diseases. However, certain risk factors increase around the time of menopause and a high-fat diet, smoking or other unhealthy habits begun earlier in life can also take a toll, said Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a cardiologist and an American Heart Association volunteer.

“Menopause isn’t a disease. It’s a natural phase of a woman’s life cycle,” Dr. Goldberg said. “It’s important for women, as they approach menopause, to really take stock of their health.”

On average, the onset of menopause, when menstrual periods permanently stop, occurs around age 54, said Dr. Goldberg, medical director of the Joan H. Tisch Center for Women’s Health at New York University Langone Medical Center.

Pathogenesis Of Cardiovascular Disease Pdf

More than one in three female adults has some form of cardiovascular disease. An overall increase in heart attacks among women is seen about 10 years after menopause. Heart disease is the leading killer of women(link opens in new window).

Estrogen Levels May Play a Role

A decline in the natural hormone estrogen may be a factor in heart disease increase among post-menopausal women. Estrogen is believed to have a positive effect on the inner layer of artery wall, helping to keep blood vessels flexible. That means they can relax and expand to accommodate blood flow.

Despite the benefits of estrogen, the American Heart Association recommends against using postmenopausal hormone therapy to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease or stroke because some studies have shown it appears to not reduce the risk.

Estrogen decline isn’t the only reason women face a higher cardiovascular disease risk after reaching menopause, Dr. Goldberg said.

“We’re trying to figure the rest of it out,” she said.

Patho Of Heart Disease Causes

Assorted changes in the body occur with menopause. Blood pressure starts to go up. LDL cholesterol, or “bad” cholesterol, tends to increase while HDL, or “good” cholesterol declines or remains the same. Triglycerides, certain types of fats in the blood, also increase.

Types Of Coronary Heart Disease

Strive for Heart Health

If you’ve followed a healthy lifestyle and continue doing so at menopause, your risk for heart disease and stroke is lower. Family history also contributes to your risk.

Women should take care of their heart through regular exercise and good nutrition and by eliminating unhealthy habits like smoking, which may contribute to early menopause, increase the risk of blood clots, decrease the flexibility of arteries and lower the levels of HDL cholesterol, Dr. Goldberg said.

To get the nutrients you need, the American Heart Association recommends eating a dietary pattern that emphasizes:

  • fruits, vegetables,
  • whole grains,
  • low-fat dairy products,
  • poultry, fish and nuts,
  • while limiting red meat and sugary foods and beverages.

Women should aim for at least 150 minutes of physical activity each week to help prevent heart disease, and 300 minutes or more weekly for a significant weight loss program, depending on individual needs. Walking, cycling, dancing or swimming — activities that use larger muscles at low resistance — are good aerobic exercises, said Dr. Goldberg. And, she advised, don’t worry about how you look while exercising or whether you have fashionable workout clothes.

“You have to get over that,” she said, adding: “Do the activity that works for you.”

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